Systems and methods for providing product information over a carrier wave

ABSTRACT

A method is provided that comprises tuning a radio system to a frequency band that contains a locally-broadcast terrestrial radio signal. The locally-broadcast terrestrial radio signal comprising a main signal component and a side data component is thereby received. In response to receiving the locally-broadcast terrestrial radio signal a determination is made as to a permissible time for processing the side data component using a time slot schedule. The side data component is processed at the permissible time. A message corresponding to the side data component is outputted to an output device. In some instances, the side data component includes the message. In other instances, the method further includes searching a message lookup list using a code included in the side data component. When a stored code is found that matches the code, the message corresponding to the matching stored code is outputted.

1. RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/880,994, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,265,576, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/053,145, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,809,342.Both of the above-identified U.S. Patent Applications are herebyincorporated by reference in their entities.

2. TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for implementing acustomer relationship management program using a radio carrier wave.

3. BACKGROUND

Customer relationship management involves the communication ofmanufacturers or retailers with end users after products have been sold.Such communication is often necessary to ensure customer satisfaction aswell as to convey important information such as recall notices. In theautomotive setting, for example, car dealers keep track of automobilepurchases using mailing lists. Such mailing lists are typically used tosend customer satisfaction, alert the customers to new models, and tosend advertisements and coupons for automobile service. Further, themailing lists collected by car dealers are used by car manufactures tosend recall notice. However, these lists often are not updated when carsare sold.

In 2003, there were 598 recalls affecting some 30 million cars in theUnited States, but fewer than half the car owners ultimately find outabout such recalls or bring their cars in to get them repaired. Toaddress this problem, state legislators in California are consideringputting such recall notices on the vehicle registration forms in orderto improve the odds that people will find out about a recall and havetheir cars fixed free of charge. For example, in California, legislationis being considered to require car manufacturers to provide theDepartment of Motor Vehicles (DMV) with a list of the vehicles subjectto a recall within 90 days and require the DMV to notify car ownersabout the recall on their annual vehicle registration renewal notice.Current California law already requires car manufacturers to providethis information to the DMV in cases of emissions-related recalls. Carowners affected by those types of recalls are notified on their annualvehicle registration renewal notice from the DMV and can't re-registertheir car until the defect is repaired.

It has been reported that a lot of car owners don't find out when theircar is recalled either because they've moved, they think the notice froma dealer is junk mail, or they aren't the original owner of the car sothe recall notice sent out by the manufacturer never gets to them.

Since 1966, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)has been responsible for motor vehicle safety in the United States. OnceNHTSA orders a recall, manufacturers must contact owners by mail andinclude details of the safety defect, how the owner can get the carrepaired at no cost, and who the owner can contact if they're havingtrouble getting the repair work done. According to the NHTSA, a record30.4 million vehicles were recalled in 2004, 61% more than were recalledin 2003.

While the legislation being introduced at the state level in the UnitedStates is a step in the right direction, such procedures are stillinadequate. For example, consider the case in which a defect thataffects the safety of vehicle is discovered. Under the proposedCalifornia legislation, some people will not discover this defect untilthey receive their annual car registration form. Such a delay innotification could result in many accidents and fatalities when thedefect is life threatening. Thus, given the above background, what isneeded in the art are improved methods for communicating customerrelationship management data to end users.

4. SUMMARY

The present disclosure addresses the shortcomings found in the priorart. The present disclosure provides systems and methods for providingcustomer relationship management in real time using In-Band On-Channel(IBOC) digital audio broadcasting technology. In some embodiments,auxiliary application service functionality within IBOC is exploited inorder to target specific end-users and to provide customer relationshipmanagement services to such end users. Such services include, but arenot limited to, provision of recall notices, advertisements, servicereminders, and other forms of communication.

One aspect of the present disclosure encompasses a method of providingcustomer relationship management in an radio system (e.g., IBOC, RDS,satellite, etc.). In some embodiments, the method includes: (i) tuningthe radio system to a frequency band containing a locally-broadcastterrestrial radio signal; (ii) receiving the locally-broadcastterrestrial radio signal comprising a main signal component and a sidedata component; (iii) in response to receiving the locally-broadcastterrestrial radio signal: determining a permissible time for processingthe side data component using a time slot schedule; (iv) processing theside data component at the permissible time; and (v) subsequentlyoutputting a message corresponding to the side data component to anoutput device.

In some embodiments, the side data component includes the message. Inother embodiments, the method also includes: searching a message lookuplist using a code included in the side data component; and when a storedcode is found that matches the code, outputting message corresponding tothe matching stored code.

5. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates the In-Band On-Channel (IBOC) protocol stack inaccordance with the prior art.

FIG. 2 illustrates a first possible ordering for an orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier assembly in accordance with theprior art.

FIG. 3 illustrates a second possible ordering for an orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier assembly in accordancewith the prior art.

FIG. 4 illustrates the notation for IBOC lower sideband referencesubcarriers in accordance with the prior art.

FIG. 5 illustrates the notation for IBOC upper sideband referencesubcarriers in accordance with the prior art.

FIG. 6 illustrates a spectrum of the IBOC FM hybrid waveform inaccordance with the prior art.

FIG. 7 illustrates a spectrum of the IBOC FM extended hybrid waveform inaccordance with the prior art.

FIG. 8 illustrates a spectrum of the IBOC FM all digital waveform inaccordance with the prior art.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary radio receiver in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates exemplary known logical functions that areimplemented in various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout theseveral views of the drawings.

6. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure addresses the shortcomings found in the priorart. The present disclosure provides systems and methods for providingcustomer relationship management in real time using In-Band On-Channel(IBOC) digital audio broadcasting technology. In some embodiments,auxiliary application service functionality within IBOC is exploited inorder to target specific end-users and to provide customer relationshipmanagement services to such end users. Such services include, but arenot limited to, provision of recall notices, advertisements, servicereminders, and other forms of communication.

6.1 IBOC

In-Band On-Channel digital audio broadcasting provides significantbandwidth for not only music, but other forms of information as well.In-Band On-Channel (IBOC) digital audio broadcasting systems radiotechnology is an upgrade to the way AM and FM radio signals aretransmitted, from analog to digital signals. IBOC allows broadcasters totransmit a high-quality digital signal. For listeners, the benefits ofIBOC radio are (i) FM radio with CD-quality sound, (ii) AM radio thatsounds as good as FM, (iii) radio reception without static, pops,crackles or fades, and (iv) ability to transmit additional informationalong with the music signal. Typically, this additional informationtakes the form of scrolling text on an IBOC receiver's display, such asa song's artist and title, station call letters, and advertisinginformation. However, this additional information can be any form ofauxiliary application services (AAS). For example, while listening to anews show, financial updates can be transmitted to the radio. Further,radio stations can include local and regional information, such asweather updates or even traffic alerts.

6.2 General Properties of IBOC

In some forms of IBOC, a radio station sends out the analog and adigital signal. In such forms of IBOC, new digital signals are broadcastas “sideband” transmissions bracketing the top and bottom of the current“host” analog signal in order to make optimal usage of the currentspectrum allocations. As such, IBOC refers to a method of transmitting adigital radio broadcast signal centered on the same frequency as the AMor FM station's present frequency. For FM stations, the transmission ofthe digital signal occupies the sidebands above and below the center FMfrequency (e.g., 97.9 MHz). AM band transmissions also place the digitalsignal in sidebands above and below the existing AM carrier frequency.By this means, the AM or FM station digital signal is transmitted inaddition to the existing analog signal. In both instances, the digitalemissions fall within the spectral emission mask of the AM or FMchannel. With more than half of the radio stations in the United Statescurrently facing interference from adjacent stations, this approachdelivers redundant information on both sides of the current channellocation in order to ensure optimal performance in all listeningenvironments. Furthermore, the digital signal includes an additionalinformation signal in order to communicate information independent ofthe main signal. The digital signals are compressed before beingtransmitted. The three-layered signal (analog main, digital main, anddigital informational auxiliary) is transmitted from the radio station'supgraded digital transmitter. Multipath interference, caused by thesignal reflecting off of buildings, is ignored by the digital radio,which is able to discern the true signal and ignore interference. Theradio receiver receives the signal and, depending on the configurationof the radio, one hears either the digital or analog feed. An example ofan HD radio tuner is the Kenwood KTC-HR100 HD Radio™ tuner.

6.3 IBOC Protocol Stack

IBOC system offers four basic program services in a single FM assignmentor a single AM assignment. They are (i) a main program service (MPS),(ii) a personal data service (PDS), (iii) a station identificationservice (SIS), and (iv) an auxiliary application service (AAS). The mainprogram service (MPS) preserves the existing legacy analogradio-programming formats in both analog and digital transmissions.Unlike MPS, which broadcasts the same audio program to all listeners,the personal data service (PDS) enables users to select the dataservices desired and when they are presented. The station identificationservice (SIS) provides the necessary control and identificationinformation, which indirectly accommodates user search and selection ofthe IBOC digital radio stations and their supporting services. Theauxiliary application service (AAS) allows a virtually unlimited numberof custom and specialized IBOC digital radio applications to coexistconcurrently.

Support for the above services is provided via a layered protocol stackillustrated in FIG. 1. This layered protocol stack is based on theInternational Organization Opens Systems Interconnection (ISO OSI)layered model. See, for example, ISO 7498, “Opens SystemsInterconnection (OSI) Basic Reference Model,” which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety. Layer 5 (Application) acceptscontent from the broadcasting station (e.g., program source). Layer 4(Encoding) performs the necessary audio compression or data formattingof the various source materials. Layer 3 (Transport) provides one ormore application specific protocols tailored to provide robust andefficient transfer of Layer 4 data. Layer 2 (Service Mux) provideslimited error detection and addressing. Its main function is to formatthe data received from Layer 3 into discrete transfer frames forprocessing by Layer 1. Layer 1 (Physical Layer) provides the modulation,FEC, framing, and signaling necessary to convert the digital datareceived from the higher layers into an AM or FM IBOC waveform fortransmission in the appropriate band.

Digital data and audio cannot be directly propagated over radiofrequency (RF) channels. Therefore, a modulator is used to modulate thedigital information onto a radio frequency carrier. Both AM and FM IBOCsystems employ Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. See, forexample, Chang, “High-speed multichannel data transmission withbandlimited orthogonal signals,” Bell sys. Tech. J. 45:1775-1796,December 1996, Weinstein and Ebert, “Data transmission byfrequency-division multiplexing using the discrete Fourier transform,”IEEE Trans. on Comm. Tech., vol. COM-19, pp. 628-634, October 1971, andSaltzberg, “Performance of an efficient parallel data transmissionsystem, ” IEEE Trans. on Comm. Tech., vol. COM-15, pp. 805-811; Johnson,“The Structure and Generation of Robust Waveforms for AM In Band OnChannel Digital Broadcasting,”http://www.armstrongtx.com/BroadProd/DtlDigitalFM.htm; Peyla, “TheStructure and Generation of Robust Waveforms for AM In-Band On-ChannelDigital Broadcasting,”http://www.armstrongtx.com/BroadProd/DtlDigitalFM.htm, each of which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. OFDM is a parallelmodulation scheme in which the data streams modulate a large number oforthogonal subcarriers that are transmitted simultaneously.

IBOC offers different systems or protocols: hybrid, extended hybrid, andall digital. The three waveform characteristics, or spectra, arebasically similar but have some clearly defined differences. However,each system's spectrum is divided into a diverse number of sidebands,which represent different orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) subcarrier groups.

6.4 FM IBOC Overview

One of the major differences between IBOC and other single carrierdigital systems is the use of frequency partitions. Each partitionconsists of 18 data subcarriers and one reference subcarrier. The mannerin which the subcarriers are handled depends on whether the IBOC systemin use is the hybrid, extended hybrid or all digital.

The OFDM subcarriers are assembled into one of two possible orderings,that of FIG. 2 (ordering A) and that of FIG. 3 (ordering B). Theposition of the reference subcarrier (ordering A or B) varies with thelocation of the frequency partition within the spectrum. See, forexample, Kroeger and Cammarata, 1997, “Robust Modem and CodingTechniques for FM Hybrid IBOC DAB,” IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting43:412-142, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

For each frequency partition, data subcarriers d1 through d18 conveydigital program content, while the reference subcarrier conveys systemcontrol. OFDM subcarriers are numbered from 0 at the center frequency to±546 at either end of the channel frequency allocation.

Besides the above-described reference subcarrier resident within eachfrequency partition, depending on the service mode, up to fiveadditional reference subcarriers are inserted into the spectrum atsubcarrier numbers −546, −279, 0, 279, and 546. The overall effect is aregular distribution of reference subcarriers throughout the spectrum.

For notational convenience, each reference subcarrier is assigned aunique identification number between 0 and 60. All lower sidebandreference subcarriers are shown in FIG. 4. All upper sideband referencesubcarriers are shown in FIG. 5. The figures indicate the relationshipbetween reference subcarrier numbers and OFDM subcarrier numbers.

Each spectrum described in this section shows the subcarrier number andcenter frequency of certain key OFDM subcarriers. The center frequencyof a subcarrier is calculated by multiplying the subcarrier number bythe OFDM subcarrier spacing Δf≈363.373 Hz. The center of subcarrier 0 islocated at 0 Hz. In this context, center frequency is relative to theradio frequency (RF) allocated channel.

The first two waveforms, hybrid and extended hybrid use an analog FMsignal and differ in the sideband usage. As its name implies theall-digital system does not use any analog signal at all. The bandwidthof the sidebands from the main digital signal is expanded and lowerpower secondary sidebands are inserted in the space formerly used by theanalog signal.

Hybrid operation. In the hybrid waveform, the digital signal istransmitted in primary main (PM) sidebands on either side of the analogFM signal, as shown in FIG. 6. The analog signal may be monophonic orstereo, and may include SCA channels. Each PM sideband is comprised often frequency partitions, which are allocated among subcarriers 356through 545, or −356 through −545. Subcarriers 546 and −546, alsoincluded in the PM sidebands, are additional reference subcarriers.Table 1 summarizes the upper and lower primary main sidebands for thehybrid waveform.

The power spectral density of each OFDM subcarrier in the PM sideband,relative to the host analog power, is given in Table 1. A value of 0 dBwould produce a digital subcarrier whose power was equal to the totalpower in the unmodulated analog FM carrier. The value was chosen so thatthe total average power in a primary main digital sideband (upper orlower) is 23 dB below the total power in the unmodulated analog FMcarrier.

TABLE 1 FM IBOC Hybrid Waveform Spectral Summary Number of FrequencyFrequency Power Spectral Frequency Partition Subcarrier SubcarrierFrequencies Span Density (dBc Sideband Partitions Ordering Range (Hzfrom channel center) (Hz) per subcarrier) Comments Upper Primary Main 10A 356 to 546 129,361 to 198,402 69,041 −45.8 Includes additionalreference subcarrier 546 Lower Primary Main 10 B −356 to −546 −129,361to −198,402 69,041 −45.8 Includes additional reference subcarrier −546

Extended hybrid operation. To operate in the extended hybrid condition,OFDM subcarriers are added to the primary main sidebands in the normalhybrid configuration. As many as four frequency partitions can be addedbetween the edge of each primary main sidebands and the analog signal.See, for example, FIG. 7. These extensions are called the primaryextended PX sideband. The channel width is greater but still within theFCC's requirements. Depending on the service mode, one, two, or fourfrequency partitions can be added to the inner edge of each primary mainsideband. Table 2 summarizes the upper and lower primary sidebands forthe extended hybrid waveform.

The power spectral density of each OFDM subcarrier in the PM and PXsidebands, relative to the host analog power, is given in Table 2. Likethe hybrid waveform, the value was chosen so that the total averagepower in a primary main sideband (upper or lower) is 23 dB below thetotal power in the unmodulated analog FM carrier. The level of thesubcarriers in the PX sidebands is equal to the level of the subcarriersin the PM sidebands.

TABLE 2 FM IBOC Extended Hybrid Waveform Spectral Summary Number ofFrequency Frequency Power Spectral Frequency Partition SubcarrierSubcarrier Frequencies Span Density (dBc Sideband Partitions OrderingRange (Hz from channel center) (Hz) per subcarrier) Comments UpperPrimary Main 10 A 356 to 546 129,361 to 198,402 69,041 −45.8 Includesadditional reference subcarrier 546 Lower Primary Main 10 B −356 to −546−129,361 to −198,402 69,041 −45.8 Includes additional referencesubcarrier −546 Upper Primary Extended 1 A 337 to 355 122,457 to 128,9976,540 −45.8 None (1 frequency partition) Lower Primary Extended 1 B −337to −355 −122,457 to −128,997 6,540 −45.8 None (1 frequency partition)Upper Primary Extended 2 A 318 to 355 115,553 to 128,997 13,444 −45.8None (2 frequency partitions) Lower Primary Extended 2 B −318 to −355−115,553 to −128,997 13,444 −45.8 None (2 frequency partitions) UpperPrimary Extended 4 A 280 to 355 101,744 to 128,997 27,253 −45.8 None (4frequency partitions) Lower Primary Extended 4 B −280 to −355 −101,744to −128,997 27,253 −45.8 None (4 frequency partitions)

All-digital FM operation. The all digital waveform is constructed bydisabling the analog signal, fully expanding the bandwidth of theprimary digital sidebands, and adding lower-power secondary sidebands inthe spectrum vacated by the analog signal. The spectrum of the alldigital waveform is shown in FIG. 8.

In addition to the ten main frequency partitions, all four extendedfrequency partitions are present in each primary sideband of the alldigital waveform. Each secondary sideband also has ten secondary main(SM) and four secondary extended (SX) frequency partitions. Unlike theprimary sidebands, however, the secondary main frequency partitions aremapped nearer to channel center with the extended frequency partitionsfarther from the center.

Each secondary sideband also supports a small secondary protected (SP)region consisting of 12 OFDM subcarriers and reference subcarrier 279 or−279. The sidebands are referred to as “protected” because they arelocated in the area of spectrum least likely to be affected by analog ordigital interference. An additional reference subcarrier is placed atthe center of the channel (0). Frequency partition ordering of the SPregion does not apply since the SP region does not contain frequencypartitions as defined in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3.

The total frequency span of the entire all digital spectrum is 396,803Hz. Table 3 summarizes the upper and lower, primary and secondarysidebands for the all digital waveform. The power spectral density ofeach OFDM subcarrier is given in Table 3. As with the hybrid andextended hybrid waveforms, the values are relative to the level of theunmodulated analog FM carrier that is allocated for a particularbroadcaster (even though the analog carrier is not transmitted in theall digital waveform).

The primary sideband level sets the total average power in a primarydigital subcarrier at least 10 dB above the total power in a hybridprimary digital subcarrier. Any one of four power levels may be selectedfor application to the secondary sidebands. The four secondary powerlevels set the power spectral density of the secondary digitalsubcarriers (upper and lower) in the range of 5 to 20 dB below the powerspectral density of the all digital primary subcarriers. A singlesecondary power level is evenly applied to all secondary sidebands.

TABLE 3 All Digital Waveform Spectral Summary Number of FrequencyFrequency Power Spectral Frequency Partition Subcarrier SubcarrierFrequencies Span Density (dBc Sideband Partitions Ordering Range (Hzfrom channel center) (Hz) per subcarrier) Comments Upper Primary Main 10A 356 to 546 129,361 to 198,402 69,041 −35.8 Includes additionalreference subcarrier 546 Lower Primary Main 10 B −356 to −546 −129,361to −198,402 69,041 −35.8 Includes additional reference subcarrier −546Upper Primary Extended 4 A 280 to 355 101,744 to 128,997 27,253 −35.8None Lower Primary Extended 4 B −280 to −355 −101,744 to −128,997 27,253−35.8 None Upper Secondary Main 10 B 0 to 190 0 to 69,041 69,041 −40.8,−45.8, None −50.8, −55.8 Lower Secondary Main 10 A −1 to −190 −363 to−69,041 68,678 −40.8, −45.8, None −50.8, −55.8 Upper Secondary Extended4 B 191 to 266 69,404 to 96,657 27,253 −40.8, −45.8, None −50.8, −55.8Lower Secondary Extended 4 A −191 to −266 −69,404 to −96,657 27,253−40.8, −45.8, None −50.8, −55.8 Upper Secondary Protected N/A N/A 267 to279 97,021 to 101,381 4,360 −40.8, −45.8, Includes additional −50.8,−55.8 reference carrier 279 Lower Secondary Protected N/A N/A −267 to−279 −97,021 to −101,381 4,360 −40.8, −45.8, Includes additional −50.8,−55.8 reference carrier −279

6.5 FM IBOC Service Modes

The FM IBOC transmission system is configured through primary andsecondary service modes, analog diversity delay, and sideband powerlevels. The system configuration determines how the various logicalchannels are combined to generate the transmitted waveform.

The service modes dictate the performance and configuration of thelogical channels, which carry program content through layer 1. There aretwo types of service modes: primary service modes, which configureprimary logical channels, and secondary service modes, which configuresecondary logical channels. The seven primary service modes are MP1,MP2, MP3, MP4, MP5, MP6 and MP7. The four secondary service modes areMS1, MS2, MS3 and MS4.

Service mode MP1 is used to broadcast the hybrid waveform. Service modesMP2 through MP4 increase the capacity of the hybrid waveform by addingone, two, or four extended frequency partitions to each primarysideband. Service modes MP5 through MP7 employ all primary extendedfrequency partitions, and are used to broadcast the extended hybrid orall digital waveform. Service modes MS1 through MS4 configure thesecondary sidebands in the all digital waveform. The allowable servicemodes for each FM IBOC waveform type are summarized in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Allowable service modes for FM IBOC waveforms Waveform PrimaryService Modes Secondary Service Modes Hybrid MP1 None Extended HybridMP2-MP7 None All Digital MP5-MP7 MS1-MS4

All waveforms require the definition of a primary and a secondaryservice mode. If secondary sidebands are not present (as in the hybridor extended hybrid waveform), the secondary service mode is set to“None.” Service modes MP1 through MP4 are invalid for the all digitalwaveform. Only primary service modes MP5 through MP7 can be paired withsecondary service modes MS1 through MS4 when broadcasting the alldigital waveform. Any combination of these primary and secondary servicemodes is allowable. Table 4 indicates that there are up to 19 possiblecombinations of service modes, thereby providing ample flexibility tothe broadcaster.

6.6 FM IBOC Logical Channels

A logical channel is a signal path that conducts program content throughlayer 1 with a specific grade of service, as determined by the servicemode. There are ten logical channels, although not all are used in everyservice mode. The variety of logical channels reflects the inherentflexibility of the system. There are four primary logical channels,denoted as P1, P2, P3 and PIDS. There are six secondary logical channelsthat are used only with the all digital waveform. They are denoted asS1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and SIDS. Logical channels P1 through P3 and S1through S5 are designed to convey digital audio and data, while the PIDSand SIDS logical channels are designed to carry IBOC data service (IDS)information.

The performance of each logical channel is completely described throughthree characterization parameters: throughput, latency, and robustness.The service mode sets these characterization parameters by defining thespectral mapping, interleaver depth, diversity delay, and channelencoding for each active logical channel.

Throughput. Throughput defines the layer 1 audio or data capacity of alogical channel, excluding upper layer framing overhead. Theblock-oriented operations of layer 1 (such as interleaving) require thatit process data in discrete transfer frames, rather than continuousstreams. As a result, throughput is calculated as the product oftransfer frame size and transfer frame rate. Spectral mapping andchannel code rate determine the throughput of a logical channel, sincespectral mapping limits capacity and coding overhead limits informationthroughput.

Latency. Latency is the delay that a logical channel imposes on atransfer frame as it traverses layer 1. The latency of a logical channelis defined as the sum of its interleaver depth and diversity delay. Itdoes not include processing delay or delays through higher protocollayers. The interleaver depth determines the amount of delay imposed ona logical channel by its interleaver. Diversity delay is also applied tosome logical channels to improve robustness. For example, in someservice modes, logical channel P1 presents dual processing paths; onepath is delayed and the other is not.

Robustness. Robustness is the ability of a logical channel to withstandchannel impairments such as noise, interference, and fading. There areeleven relative levels of robustness in the FM IBOC system. A robustnessof 1 indicates a very high level of resistance to channel impairments,while an 11 indicates a lower tolerance for channel-induced errors.

Spectral mapping, channel code rate, interleaver depth, and diversitydelay determine the robustness of a logical channel. Spectral mappingaffects robustness by setting the relative power level, spectralinterference protection, and frequency diversity of a logical channel.Channel coding increases robustness by introducing redundancy into thelogical channel. Interleaver depth influences performance in multipathfading. Finally, some logical channels in certain service modes delaytransfer frames by a fixed duration to realize time diversity. Thisdiversity delay also affects robustness, since it mitigates the effectsof the mobile radio channel.

Table 5 through Table 15 show the active logical channels and theircharacterization parameters—throughput, latency, and relativerobustness—for a given service mode. Of interest are the service modesthat provide a logical channel for auxiliary application services. Thebandwidth specifications are merely exemplary and real life performancemay vary from the stated values.

TABLE 5 Logical Channels - Service Mode MP1 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose P1 98.4 1.49 2 MPSPIDS 0.9 0.09 3 SIS

TABLE 6 Logical Channels - Service Mode MP2 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose P1 98.4 1.49 2 MPSP3 12.4 0.19 4 MPS, PDS or AAS PIDS 0.9 0.09 3 SIS

TABLE 7 Logical Channels - Service Mode MP3 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose P1 98.4 1.49 2 MPSP3 24.8 0.19 4 MPS, PDS or AAS PIDS 0.9 0.09 3 SIS

TABLE 8 Logical Channels - Service Mode MP4 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose P1 98.4 1.49 2 MPSP3 49.6 0.19 4 MPS, PDS or AAS PIDS 0.9 0.09 3 SIS

TABLE 9 Logical Channels - Service Mode MP5 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose P1 24.8 4.64 1 MPScore P2 73.6 1.49 2 Enhanced audio for MPS P3 24.8 0.19 4 MPS, PDS orAAS PIDS 0.9 0.09 3 SIS

TABLE 10 Logical Channels - Service Mode MP6 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose P1 49.6 4.64 1 MPScore P2 48.8 1.49 2 Enhanced audio for MPS PIDS 0.9 0.09 3 SIS

TABLE 11 Logical Channels - Service Mode MP7 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose P1 24.8 0.19 4 MPScore P2 98.4 1.49 2 MPS, PDS, or AAS P3 24.8 0.19 4 MPS, PDS, AAS PIDS0.9 0.09 3 SIS

TABLE 12 Logical Channels - Service Mode MS1 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose S4 98.4 0.19 7 MPS,PDS, AAS S5 5.5 0.09 6 MPS, PDS, or AAS SIDS 0.9 0.09 8 SIS

TABLE 13 Logical Channels - Service Mode MS2 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose S1 24.8 4.64 5 Coresound S2 73.6 1.49 9 Surround sound S3 24.8 0.19 11 MPS, PDS, or AAS S55.5 0.09 6 MPS, PDS, AAS SIDS 0.9 0.09 10 SIS

TABLE 14 Logical Channels - Service Mode MS3 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose S1 49.6 4.64 5 Coresound S2 48.8 1.49 9 Surround sound S5 5.5 0.09 6 MPS, PDS, AAS SIDS 0.90.09 10 SIS

TABLE 15 Logical Channels - Service Mode MS4 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose S1 24.8 0.19 11 Lowbit-rate audio S2 98.4 1.49 9 MPS, PDS, or AAS S3 24.8 0.19 11 MPS, PDS,or AAS S5 5.5 0.09 6 MPS, PDS, or AAS SIDS 0.9 0.09 10 SIS

6.7 AM IBOC

Like FM IBOC, AM IBOC provides a hybrid waveform spectrum as well as afully digital waveform spectrum. See, for example, Johnson, “TheStructure and Generation of Robust Waveforms for AM In Band On ChannelDigital Broadcasting,”http://www.armstrongtx.com/BroadProd/DtlDigitalFM.htm, which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety. The AM IBOC system providesfour service modes: MA1, MA2, MA3, and MA4. Service modes MA1 and MA2are used with the hybrid waveforms while service modes MA3 and MA4 areused with all digital waveforms. Service modes MA2 and MA4 providehigher throughput than MA1 and MA3, at the expense of robustness. Layer1 of the AM IBOC system provides four logical channels to higher layerprotocols: P1, P2, P3 and PIDS. P1, P2 and P3 are intended for generalpurpose audio and data transfer, while the PIDS logical channel isdesigned to carry the IBO data services (IDS) information. Tables 17through 20 show the characterization parameters of each logical channelfor each service mode.

TABLE 16 Logical Channels - Service Mode MA1 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose P1 20.2 5.94 6General purpose audio and data transfer P3 16.2 1.49  7 or 10 Generalpurpose audio and data transfer PIDS 0.4 0.19 4 or 8 SIS

TABLE 17 Logical Channels - Service Mode MA2 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose P1 20.2 5.94 9General purpose audio and data transfer P2 20.2 1.49 9 General purposeaudio and data transfer P3 16.2 1.49  7 or 10 General purpose audio anddata transfer PIDS 0.4 0.19 4 or 8 SIS

TABLE 18 Logical Channels - Service Mode MA3 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose P1 20.2 5.94 1General purpose audio and data transfer P3 16.2 1.49 5 General purposeaudio and data transfer PIDS 0.4 0.19 3 SIS

TABLE 19 Logical Channels - Service Mode MA4 Logical Throughput LatencyRelative Channel (kbps) (Seconds) Robustness Purpose P1 20.2 5.94 2General purpose audio and data transfer P2 20.2 1.49 2 General purposeaudio and data transfer P3 20.2 1.49 5 General purpose audio and datatransfer PIDS 0.4 0.19 3 SIS

6.8 IBOC Based Customer Relationship Management

IBOC systems that include logical channels for hosting an auxiliaryapplication service (AAS) having bandwidths ranging from 5.5 Kbps to98.4 Kbps have been described in Sections 6.1 through 6.6 above. In thepresent disclosure, this bandwidth capability is used to provide a novelcustomer relationship management service. In one embodiment of thepresent disclosure, customer relationship management data is broadcastedon IBOC AM or FM radio stations that support auxiliary applicationservice functionality. Even with the large bandwidth that IBOC providesrelative to Radio Data System (RDS/RDBS), it is simply not possible toprovide a complete customer relationship management (CRM) service basedon IBOC using a simple broadcast-limited scheme in which messages aresent to IBOC capable radio receivers implemented within the auxiliaryapplication service framework that IBOC provides. To appreciate this,consider the case in which an automotive dealer in San Jose, Calif.wishes to let a particular customer know that their lease is expiring intwo months. Using IBOC, this message is broadcast throughout the UnitedStates in order to reach the appropriate end-user. If one were toconsider the collective size of all such unique messages that need to besent to end-users in order to provide a comprehensive customerrelationship management program, two problems quickly emerge. First,there is simply not enough bandwidth in IBOC to provide customizablemessages to individual end-users using the proposed scheme. Second, endusers would not have the patience to read through all such messages inthe off chance that a message intended for them is sent.

The present disclosure solves the problems in the above scenario usingthree different techniques. First, in some embodiments, each IBOCreceiver is provided with a lookup table with key attributes. Onlymessages containing a symbol that matches a key in the IBOC receiverlookup table are displayed to the user. Second, in some embodiments,time synchronization is employed. In such embodiments, an IBOC receiveronly accepts data from a dedicated AAS service at discrete time points.In addition to these two novel features, some embodiments of the presentdisclosure support encryption so that privacy is ensured. Now that anoverview of these features has been presented, more details of exemplaryembodiments in accordance with the present disclosure will be presented.

6.9 IBOC Receiver Lookup Tables

In some embodiments, IBOC receivers in accordance with the presentdisclosure include a look-up table that includes keys. Then, only thosemessages received by a dedicated AAS service that include a key found inthe lookup table are displayed on the IBOC receiver display. Forexample, for automotive customer relationship management, the lookuptable may have the form of Table 20. It will be appreciated that vehicleidentification numbers automatically include make, model, and year.However, in some instances, a vehicle identification number is notincluded in a customer relationship message because such specificaddressing is either not needed or is not desirable.

TABLE 20 Exemplary Automotive Lookup Table Message type Key Make 8 bitsModel 8 bits Year 8 bits Vehicle identification 32 bits  number

Reference will now be made to FIG. 9, which shows an exemplary radioreceiver 910 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosurethat includes a lookup table 980. IBOC broadcast receiver 910 accordingto the present embodiment is used in a vehicle and is adapted to receivea broadcast wave transmitted from an IBOC broadcast station thatprovides an IBOC-system digital audio broadcast (DAB) service such asthe services described in Sections 6.1 through 6.6, above. In the IBOCbroadcast receiver 910, the controller 911 is implemented by amicrocomputer or the like. Controller 911 can be a component of tunerunit 913 or a standalone component. In some embodiments, thefunctionality of any of the control blocks illustrated in FIG. 9 isembedded in one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)and/or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In some embodiments,controller 911 is implemented as one or more digital signal processors(DSPs). In such embodiments, controller 911 is realized as anycombination of chips, including any combination of ASICs, FPGAs, DSPs,or other forms of microchips known in the art.

A tuner unit 913 tunes into the frequency of a broadcast wave (an FM orAM IBOC broadcast wave) received via antenna 912. Since a functionalblock involved in the frequency tuning is not directly associated withthe substance of the present disclosure, that block is not illustrated.Tuner unit 913 includes a broadband filter 913 a. Broadband filter 913 ahas a bandwidth (e.g., 400 kHz) that is suitable for receiving an IBOCbroadcast wave.

An analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 914 converts the broadcast waveinto a digital signal. An IBOC decoder 916 is connected with controller911 to allow communication therewith. An IBOC decoder 916 has knownfunctional blocks. The IBOC decoder 916 of FIG. 9 is merely exemplary ofsuch known functional blocks. In the illustrated example, IBOC decoder916 has an OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) demodulator916 a, an FEC (forward error correction) decoder 916 b, and an audiodecoder 916 c. When a broadcast wave selected by tuner unit 913 andoutput by A/D converter 914 has a digital modulation wave, i.e., an OFDMsubcarrier, the OFDM demodulator 916 a demodulates the OFDM subcarrier.The FEC decoder 916 b decodes a forward error correction applied due todigital encryption and audio compression performed by a transmitting end(an IBOC broadcast station). When the broadcast wave selected and outputas described above contains an OFDM subcarrier (a digital modulationwave), the OFDM demodulator 916 a uses its demodulation function. Thus,an output of the OFDM demodulator 916 a indicates that synchronizationwith a digital modulation wave is established. In some embodiments,radio 910 further includes an FM/AM demodulator in order to demodulatean FM/AM analog signal contained in the broadcast wave selected by tunerunit 913. Such functionality is disclosed, for example, in United StatesPatent Publication 2005/0003772 A1, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

Audio signals output by the IBOC decoder 916 (the audio decoder 916 c)is supplied to digital-to-analog (D/A) converter 918 which converts thedigital audio signal into an analog audio signal. The analog audiosignal output from the D/A converter 918 is amplified by an audioamplifier, which is not shown, and the resulting audio is listened to bya user via a speaker.

Non-audio decoded digital data output by IBOC decoder 916 (the audiodecoder 916 c) is supplied to decoded digital data controller 950. Insome embodiments, non-audio decoded digital data has the structuralformat:

TABLE 21 Exemplary Messages Received by IBOC Radio Key Display text101010193010101 Please contact your local GM dealership for a 10%discount on a 30,000 mile checkup . . . . . . 101010193010102 Pleasecontact your local GM dealership for a 10% discount on a 60,000 milecheckup

In such embodiments, there is a string of messages. Each message isassociated with (e.g., includes) a key. In the tabulated example above,a first message is directed to GM automobiles likely to need a 30,000mile checkup whereas a second message is directed to GM automobileslikely to need a 60,000 mile checkup. Decoded digital data controller950 parses each message by comparing the key associated with the messageto lookup table 980. When there is a match between the key associatedwith the message and a key in lookup table 980, controller 950 allowsthe display text within the message to be sent to the output display952. In some embodiments, display 952 is an 8 to 16 characteralphanumeric display. In other embodiments, display 16 supports between8 and 100 characters. In still other embodiments, display 16 is agraphical display.

In some embodiments, controller 950 is standalone circuitry. However, inother embodiments, controller 950 is implemented as a software modulethat can be stored in memory 919 associated with controller 911. In someembodiments controller 950 is a component of controller 911. In someembodiments, memory unit 919 further stores, for example, data regardingbroadcast frequencies of receivable broadcast stations (e.g., IBOCbroadcast stations).

Memory 919 can be random access memory (RAM). All or a portion of thisRAM can be on board, for example, an FPGA or ASIC. In other words, insome embodiments, memory 919 and controller 911 are within the samechip. In some embodiments, memory 911 is external to microprocessor 911.In some embodiments, memory 919 is some combination of on-board RAM andexternal RAM. In some embodiments, memory 919 includes a read onlymemory (ROM) component and a RAM component.

In some embodiments, the codes found in messages are hierarchical innature. For example, consider the case in which the messages arearranged according to make, model, year, and vehicle identificationnumber. A given message may have a make code (e.g., General Motors, BMW,etc.). If this make code is present in lookup table 980 (and no othercodes such as a model code or a year code are present in the message),then the display text within the message is displayed on output display952. Alternatively, a given message may have a make code and a modelcode. If both the make code and the model code are present in lookuptable 980 (and no year code is associated with the message), then thedisplay text within the message is displayed on output display 952. Instill another alternative, a given message may have a make code, a modelcode, and a year code. If all three codes are present in lookup table980, then controller 950 will cause the associated display text withinthe message to be displayed on display 952. Alternatively, the messageis stored in approved CRM message list 999 for display at a later time.CRM message list 999 can store a plurality of such messages and thesemessages can be displayed on a rotating basis on output display 952. Forexample, each of the messages in CRM message list 999 can be displayedon a round-robin basis on output display 952.

In some embodiments, a message can be sent to a specific automobile byplacing a unique vehicle identification number in lookup table 980.Then, any message that is associated with a key matching this vehicleidentification number will be displayed on output display 952.

An example of tiered keys has been provided in the automobile setting.However, any form of hierarchical or structured organization to keys canbe used. And the present disclosure is not limited to the automobilesetting. In general, logic having the form shown in Table 22 can be usedin which there are global classes, subclasses, sub-subclasses, etc. Inone embodiment, the keys representing more global classes require lessbits than keys representing more specific classes. For example,referring to table 2, N<M<K. In other embodiments, each key has the samenumber of bits (e.g., N=M=K). In such embodiments, a more general classcan be specified by special bit values. For example, each key could be20 bits long and classes could be signified by assigning the last 10bits a high bit value (e.g., xxxxxxxxxx1111111111) whereas subclassesuse the full 20 bits (e.g., xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx). Thus, if lookup table980 includes a specific class key (e.g., 10000000001111111111) and thiskey is received by controller 950, then the associated display text issent to output display 252.

TABLE 22 Exemplary Lookup Table 980 Message type Key Class N bitsSubclass  M bits Sub-subclass K bits . . .

6.10 IBOC Receiver Lookup Tables with Message Lookup List

Section 6.7 describes embodiments of the present disclosure in whichmessages are targeted for display by select radio receivers by matchingkeys associated with such messages with the keys found in radioreceiver-based lookup tables. This represents a significant advance overthe known art. However, in some instances, there is insufficientbandwidth to provide such directed messages. This is particularly thecase when very specific targeting of end users (e.g., at the vehicleidentification level) is required. To address this bandwidth limitation,some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a message lookup list982 within, for example, memory unit 919.

Message lookup list 982 can take many forms. However, in general,message lookup list 982 is designed to reduce the amount of data thatmust be transmitted to IBOC radio receivers. Thus, in typicalembodiments, message lookup list 982 comprises a plurality of codes and,for each code in the plurality of codes, a corresponding display textthat is to be displayed when the code is received by the radio asillustrated in Table 23.

TABLE 23 Exemplary data structure for message lookup list 982 CodeDisplay text 1001 Please contact your local GM dealership for a 10%discount on a 30,000 mile checkup 1002 Please contact your local GMdealership for a 10% discount on a 60,000 mile checkup 1003 It is timefor an oil change, please contact your dealer 1004 Your dealer is havinga special discount of 20% on all service during the month of July . . .

When a message lookup list is present in the IBOC radio receiver, thereis no longer a requirement that each transmitted message include theactual message to be displayed to the end-user. Thus, the size of themessages can be significantly reduced. For example, the exemplarymessages described in Table 21 can now have the form:

TABLE 24 Exemplary Messages Received by IBOC Radio Key Code101010193010101 1001 . . . . . . 101010193010102 1002

It is apparent that the messages described in Table 24 are smaller thanthe corresponding messages in Table 21. Thus, the message lookup list982 enables the use of smaller messages to convey the equivalent amountof information. When controller 950 receives a message of the form foundin Table 24 (key+code), the controller first uses the key to determinewhether the message will be ignored or displayed. When a determinationis made that the message will be displayed, controller 950 performs atable lookup using message lookup list 982 and the code found in themessage. This table lookup uniquely identifies a specific display textwithin list 982. The uniquely identified display text is then displayedon output display 952

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the functionality oflookup table 980 and message lookup list 982 is integrated into a commontable. For example, in some embodiments, each key in lookup table 980has a corresponding display text that is displayed when a messagecontaining the key is received by the radio. A lookup table 980 inaccordance with such an embodiment of the present disclosure has thestructure illustrated in Table 25.

TABLE 25 Exemplary Lookup Table 980 Key Requirement Display text101010193010101 Please contact your local GM dealership for a 10%discount on a 30,000 mile checkup . . . . . . 101010193010102 Pleasecontact your local GM dealership for a 10% discount on a 60,000 milecheckup

In embodiments that have the structure illustrated in Table 25, all thatis required in a message is a key. In other words, no display text orcode need be present in a broadcast message. When controller 950receives a message having a key found in table 980, the controllerobtains the corresponding display text in table 980 and displays it onoutput display 952. Thus, the embodiment illustrated in Table 25provides a way to significantly reduce the size of targeted broadcastmessages.

In some embodiments, a display text is only displayed when combinationsof keys or combinations of codes are present in a message. For example,in some embodiments, lookup table 980 has the form illustrated in Table26.

TABLE 26 Exemplary Lookup Table 980 Key Requirement Code 101010193010101AND Please contact your local GM dealership for 101010193010102 a 10%discount on a 30,000 mile checkup . . . . . . 101010193010101 OR Pleasecontact your local GM dealership for 101010193010102 a 10% discount on a60,000 mile checkup

In embodiments that have the structure illustrated in Table 26, all thatis required in a message is one or more keys. No display text or codeneed be present in the message. When controller 950 receives a messagein such embodiments, the one or more keys specified in the message areused by controller 950 to obtain the corresponding display text in table980. This display text is then displayed on output display 952.Alternatively, depending on the embodiment, the message can include thedisplay text to be displayed or the message can include a code that isused in a lookup of message lookup list 982 to find the display text tobe displayed in the manner described in embodiments above.

In any of the above identified embodiments, complex key requirements (orcomplex code requirements when the logic is placed in optional lookuplist 982) can be constructed using logical expressions found in the keyrequirements portion of lookup table 980. FIG. 10 illustrates someexemplary logical expressions that can be used to determine whether agiven display text will be displayed on output display 952.

Although the expressions found in FIG. 10 can be used in cases where Aand B represent single keys (or single codes), they are best applied ininstances where keys A and B (or codes A and B) are in fact respectivefamilies of keys (or codes) such that there is some overlap between thetwo families. Logical expression 1 requires that the message include akey that is a member of both family A and B before a predetermineddisplay text corresponding to the message (or contained within themessage) is displayed on output display 952. Logical expression 2 allowsthe display text associated with a message that does not include a keythat is a member of both A and B to be displayed on output display 952.Logical expression 3 allows the display text associated with a messagethat includes a key that is a member of A or B to be displayed on outputdisplay 952. Logical expression 4 displays the display text of anymessage that does not include a key that is a member of A or B on outputdisplay 952. Expression 5 is in fact two different logical butequivalent expressions. The first expression in (5) displays the displaytext of any message that has a key that is a member of family A but nota member of B. The second expression in (5) displays the display text ofany message that has a key that is not a member of A but is a member ofB. Expression 6 is also two different logical expressions. The firstexpression in 6 displays the display text of any message provided that,when the message includes a key that is a member of A, the key is also amember of B. The second expression in 6 displays the display text of anymessage provided that, when the message includes a key that is a memberof B, the key is also a member of A. Expression 7 allows for the displayof the display text of any message provided that the message either (i)has a key that is a member of A but not a member of B or (ii) has a keythat is a member of B but is not a member of A. Expression 8 allows forthe display of the display text of any message provided that the messageeither (i) has a key that is a member of A and B or (ii) has a key thatnot a member of either A or B.

The logic illustrated in FIG. 10 can be combined to form more complexlogical expressions. In addition, other forms of logic can be used todetermine what is displayed on output display 952. For example, lookuptable 980 and or message lookup list 982 can in fact be a hash table.

In some embodiments, message lookup list 982 is present in memory 919and lookup table 980 is not used. In such embodiments, all that ispresent in a customer relationship message is a code. This code is thenused by controller 950 to identify a specific corresponding display textin message lookup list 982. In some embodiments such a code has a sizeof 8 bits and thus can uniquely designate any of 256 different messagesin lookup list 982. In some embodiments, each code has a size of 16 bitsand cans specify any of 64,000 messages in lookup list 982.

6.11 IBOC-Based Customer Relationship Management with a GlobalPositioning Feed

In some embodiments, a global positioning feed is used to enhance thecustomer relationship management systems and methods of the presentdisclosure. For instance, in some embodiments, radio 910 either includesor is in electronic communication with optional global position feed990. The global positioning information from this feed can serve as akey. For example, controller 950 can compare the key found in a newlyreceived message with the global positioning feed. If the two keysmatch, indicating that receiver 910 is in the targeted geographicregion, the display text associated with the message (either because thetext is found within the message or because the message provides a codefor table lookup in table 982) is displayed on output display 952.

While select broadcasting of customer relationship message at specificIBOC broadcasting stations provides a coarse way to geographically limitsuch messages, the use of a global positioning feed provides a muchfiner geographic control over such messages. In fact, a customerrelationship message can include a first key that specifies a geographicregion and a second key that specifies a tolerance or range for how farthe receiving IBOC radio can be from the center of this specifiedgeographic region and still qualify for display of the display textassociated with the message. This second key, in essence, defines aboundary for the geographic region specified by the first key.Controller 950 reads the two keys in the message, reads the globalposition feed, and makes a determination as to whether the IBOC radio 10is within the geographic region.

There is no limit to the type of electronic device that can provideglobal position feed 990. Several global position devices are well knownin the art and are found in many automobiles. Exemplary electronicdevices that can provide such a feed include, but are not limited to,the Garmin Streetpilot 2610 GPS, the Pharos Pocket GPS navigator, theMagellan Meridian GPS gold, the Garmin Etrex GPS, the NVAMAN pocket ICN510, and the Kenwood KNA-DV41000 GPS. In addition to such known devices,U.S. Pat. No. 7,398,328, entitled “Systems and Methods for GeographicPositioning Using Radio Spectrum Signatures,” which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety, describes a novel technologythat can be used to identify the geographic position of a radio bycomparing a measured radio signature to radio signatures in a signaturelookup table. A radio signature comprises a plurality of measured signalqualities that collectively represent a frequency spectrum. Eachmeasured signal quality in the plurality of measured signal qualitiescorresponds to a portion of the frequency spectrum. In embodiments thatuse this technology, radio 910 includes a radio signature comparisonmodule 994 for comparing a measured radio signature with any of aplurality of predetermined radio signatures found in a lookup table 996.The respective geographic position of each of the radio signatures inthe plurality of predetermined radio signatures is known. Therefore,when a match is found between a measured radio signature and a radiosignature found in lookup table 996, the location of the radio isdetermined to be the geographic location of the matching radio signaturein lookup table 996.

6.12 Time Synchronization

Techniques for limiting the size of customer relationship management(CRM) messages transmitted to IBOC enabled radios have been described inthe preceding sections. Such techniques include providing short codesthat uniquely identify display text in lookup list 982 rather thanproviding the display text itself This section describes another way,referred to as time synchronization, in which the limited bandwidthavailable in IBOC dedicated for use as an information channel can beused in order provide an adequate CRM program. The time synchronizationapproach described in this section can be used in conjunction with anyof the other approaches described in the application.

In the time synchronization approach, memory 919 includes a time slotschedule 998. Time slot schedule 998 dictates when messages should bereviewed. There are many ways in which time slot schedule 998 can beused to implement time synchronization and all such ways are within thescope of the present disclosure. For example, when controller 950receives a message, it can look up time slot schedule 998 to determinewhether it is a permissible time. If it is not a permissible time, themessage is ignored and the display text associated with the message isnot displayed on output display 952. In some embodiments, controller 950does not process messages during impermissible periods as determined bytime slot schedule 998. This allows for power savings in which theprocessor “wakes up” only during allowed periods, as determined by timeslot schedule 998, in order to process messages.

The time designations found in time slot schedule 998 may adopt any of avariety of formats. For instance, in some embodiments, time slotschedule 998 indicates a specific day of the week in which messages canbe processed for display on output display 952. In other embodiments,time slot schedule 998 indicates a specific hour in the day, specificminutes each hour (e.g., the first five minutes of each hour, thetwentieth through twenty-fifth minutes of each hour), a specific week inthe month, a specific second in each minute, or any other time frame.

The advantage of using the time synchronization techniques described inthis section is that they allow for the use of smaller address keys orcodes. Consider the fact that there are approximately 330 millionvehicles in the United States and Canada combined. Further, the globalvehicle population is approaching 1 billion cars. To address such carsat the resolution of vehicle identification number (i.e., to uniquelyaddress a specific vehicle in the global vehicle population) wouldrequire keys with 32 bit addressing, which can provide approximately 4.3billion unique addresses. If, on the other hand, each vehicle had a timeslot schedule 998, a smaller size key could be used to uniquely addresssuch cars.

Time synchronization can be used in other ways as well. For instance,unique time slots could be assigned to each of the approximately fiftycar manufacturer brands or to the approximately 1000 car models foundworldwide. Each such model or brand could have a unique message lookuplist 982. If time synchronization was used, there would be no need toensure that the codes used in one model (or manufacturer brand) wereunique relative to all other models (or manufacturer brands). Thus,smaller codes could be used.

In some embodiments, messages are collected for display on outputdisplay 952 at times when a vehicle is not in operation. For instance,consider the case in which a vehicle is not operated at night. The IBOCsignal can be polled during this period for messages intended for radio910. Time synchronization can be used to poll the IBOC signal atdiscrete time points during the period of vehicle inactivity. Thisprovides substantial power savings and ensures that the car battery willnot be drained by excessive use of controller 950 and other componentsof radio 910 described above. Thus, the radio can “wake up” at specifictime points and poll the IBOC signal for relevant CRM messages. Suchmessages can then be stored by controller 950 in approved CRM messagelist 999 for display at a later time on output display 952.

In some embodiments radio 910 includes more than one tuner unit 913. Insuch embodiments, the additional tuner unit is used as a data dedicatedtuner in order to increase the amount of bandwidth available to radio910 in order to receive CRM messages. There are many ways in which suchan additional tuner unit 913 can be incorporated into the architectureillustrated in FIG. 9. For example, the additional tuner could have itsown A/D converter and IBOC decoder, controlled by controller 911 andfeeding into controller 950.

6.13 Encryption

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the keys, codes, and/ordisplay text found in the CRM messages received by radio 910 areencrypted. In such embodiments, an additional role of controller 950and/or controller 911 is to decrypt such messages. The advantage of suchencryption is that it ensures privacy of messages provided in a CRMprogram. Suitable encryption algorithms are disclosed in, for example,Schneier, Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Codein C, Second Edition, 1996, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Ferguson andSchneier, Practical Cryptography, 2003, Wiley Publishing Inc.,Indianapolis, Indiana; Hershey, Cryptography Demystified, 2003, TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; Held & Held, Learn Encryption Techniqueswith BASIC and C++, 1999, Wordware Publishing, Inc., Plan Texas; Singh,The Code Book: The Science and Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to QuantumCryptography, 1999, Random House, Inc., New York; Mao, ModernCryptography: Theory and Practice, HP Invent, Palo Alto, Calif.; Menezeset al., Handbook of Applied Cryptography, 1996, CRC Press; Kaufman etal., Network Security Private Communication in a Public World, 1995,Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J.; and Binstock and Rex,Practical Algorithms for Programmers, 1995, Chapter 3, Addison-Wesley,Reading, Mass., each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety. Suitable encryption techniques include, but are not limitedto, public key encryption, secret key encryption, hash functions, theuse of digital signatures, and/or the use of digital certificates.

7. CONCLUSION

All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety and for all purposes to the same extent as if eachindividual publication or patent or patent application was specificallyand individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in itsentirety for all purposes.

Many modifications and variations of this present disclosure can be madewithout departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent tothose skilled in the art. For example, CRM messages containing orreferencing display text have been described. However, the CRM messagesare not so limited. Such messages can contain audio or video messages aswell. Alternatively, such messages can contain codes that referenceaudio messages that are stored in message lookup list 982. In addition,the application describes the use of IBOC for transmission of CRMmessages. Through dimensional analysis it has been determined that lowerbandwidth services such as RDS are not as suitable for the CRMfunctionality of the present disclosure at the VIN level. For example,assume a CRM message has a size of 64 bits (16 bits for the code, 32bits for the key, and 16 bits for management overhead) and that RDS cantransmit at a rate of 300 bits per second (25.9 Mbp/day). Thus, a givenRDS station could broadcast 25.9×106/64=405,000 unique messages in agiven day. This is not enough bandwidth for VIN level CRM in a marketsuch as the Los Angeles area even if radio receivers were operating theentire day. However, RDS can be used to provide CRM to a limited numberof vehicles (e.g., cars made by BMW, etc.) Satellite radio stations(e.g., XM, Siruis), on the other hand, do have the potential forproviding sufficient bandwidth for CRM at the VIN level using thesystems and methods of the present disclosure. However, at present,there are an insufficient number of satellite transmitters to implementthe CRM systems and methods of the present disclosure at the VIN levelin the United States. When more satellite stations are brought on line,the CRM systems and methods of the present disclosure can be implementedusing satellite. In general, the minimum amount of throughput needed toprovide the CRM services of the present disclosure are dependent on thelevel specificity desired (e.g., VIN level addressing). In someembodiments, a dedicated data bandwidth of at least 7-10 kbps is neededto implement the CRM systems and methods of the present disclosure atthe VIN level of addressing. If VIN level addressing is not required, orwas limited to a specific make of vehicle (e.g., BMWs), then lowerdedicated bandwidths can be used to implement the CRM systems andmethods of the present disclosure. As such, one aspect of the presentdisclosure provides a method of providing customer relationshipmanagement in a radio system (e.g., IBOC, RDS, satellite). In the methoda radio signal comprising a data portion wherein the data portioncomprises a message is received. The message is parsed to obtain a key.The key is compared to a plurality of stored keys in a lookup table.When the key matches a stored key in the plurality of stored keys, adata structure associated with the message is outputted to an outputdevice. When the key does not match any stored key in the plurality ofstored keys, a data structure associated with the message is notoutputted to the output device.

The specific embodiments described herein are offered by way of exampleonly, and the present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms ofthe appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to whichsuch claims are entitled

What is claimed:
 1. A method of providing customer relationshipmanagement in a radio system, the method comprising: tuning the radiosystem to a frequency band containing a locally-broadcast terrestrialradio signal; receiving the locally-broadcast terrestrial radio signalcomprising a main signal component and a side data component; inresponse to receiving the locally-broadcast terrestrial radio signal:determining a permissible time for processing the side data componentusing a time slot schedule; processing the side data component at thepermissible time; and subsequently outputting a message corresponding tothe side data component to an output device.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the locally-broadcast terrestrial radio signal is an IBOC-radiosignal or an RDS-radio signal and, wherein the frequency band is withinan AM or FM frequency spectrum.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein themessage is a display text, an audio segment, or a video segment.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the output device is a speaker or a videodisplay capable of display alphanumeric or video characters.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the permissible time is a specified timeinterval occurring in a time period.
 6. The method of claim 5, whereinthe time period is a minute, an hour, a day, a week, or a month.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the side data component includes the message.8. The method of claim 1, wherein the side data component includes acode, and outputting the message corresponding to the side datacomponent to the output device further comprises: searching a messagelookup list using the code, the message lookup list including aplurality of stored codes and messages corresponding to the storedcodes; and when a stored code is found in the plurality of stored codesthat matches the code, outputting a message corresponding to thematching stored code.
 9. A device comprising: an output device; a tunerunit for receiving a locally-broadcast terrestrial radio signalcomprising a main signal component and a side data component; a decodeddigital data controller in electrical communication with (i) the outputdevice, and (ii) the tuner unit, the decoded digital data controllercomprising instructions for: in response to receiving thelocally-broadcast terrestrial radio signal: determining a permissibletime for processing the side data component using a time slot schedule;processing the side data component at the permissible time; andsubsequently outputting a message corresponding to the side datacomponent to an output device.
 10. The device of claim 9, wherein thelocally-broadcast terrestrial radio signal is an IBOC-radio signal or anRD S-radio signal, and the frequency band is within an AM or FMfrequency spectrum.
 11. The device of claim 9, wherein the message is adisplay text, an audio segment, or a video segment.
 12. The device ofclaim 9, wherein the output device is a speaker, or a video displaycapable of display alphanumeric or video characters.
 13. The device ofclaim 9, wherein the permissible time is a specified time intervaloccurring in a time period.
 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the timeperiod is a minute, an hour, a day, a week, or a month.
 15. The deviceof claim 9, wherein the side data component includes the message. 16.The device of claim 9, further comprising: a message lookup list inelectrical communication with the decoded digital data controller, themessage lookup list including a plurality of stored codes and messagescorresponding to the stored codes; wherein the side data componentincludes a code, and outputting the message corresponding to the sidedata component to the output device includes: searching the messagelookup list using the code included in the side data component, themessage lookup list including a plurality of stored codes and messagescorresponding to the stored codes; and when a stored code is found inthe plurality of stored codes that matches the code included in the sidedata component, outputting a message corresponding to the matchingstored code.
 16. A non-transitory computer readable storage mediumstoring one or more programs, the one or more programs comprisinginstructions, which when executed by a radio system with one or moreprocessors, cause the radio system to: tune the radio system to afrequency band containing a locally-broadcast terrestrial radio signal;receive the locally-broadcast terrestrial radio signal comprising a mainsignal component and a side data component; in response to receiving thelocally-broadcast terrestrial radio signal: determine a permissible timefor processing the side data component using a time slot schedule;process the side data component at the permissible time; andsubsequently output a message corresponding to the side data componentto an output device.
 17. The non-transitory computer readable storagemedium of claim 16, wherein the side data component includes themessage.
 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium ofclaim 16, wherein the side data component includes a code, andinstructions for outputting the message corresponding to the side datacomponent to the output device include instructions, when executed,cause the radio system to: search a message lookup list using the codeincluded in the side data component, the message lookup list including aplurality of stored codes and messages corresponding to the storedcodes; and when a stored code is found in the plurality of stored codesthat matches the code included in the side data component, output amessage corresponding to the matching stored code.
 19. Thenon-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein thelocally-broadcast terrestrial radio signal is an IBOC-radio signal or anRDS-radio signal and, wherein the frequency band is within an AM or FMfrequency spectrum.
 20. The non-transitory computer readable storagemedium of claim 16, wherein the permissible time is a specified timeinterval occurring in a time period.